Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the occurrence of the disease. Usually, multiple genes are involved, so the condition is also referred to as polygenic. In some cases, only one gene is responsible for the disease, called familial hypercholesterolemia; it has further subtypes:
The environmental factors responsible could be dietary, some medical conditions, medicines, etc.
The following foods increase the level of cholesterol in your blood :
The following medications increase cholesterol in the body. The doctor needs to be aware of the cholesterol levels before prescribing any of these medicines;
The following medical conditions cause an increase in the level of cholesterol
According to the CDC, high cholesterol rates reduced to 13% in 2010, compared to 17% in 2000 in the United States. High blood cholesterol is found in around 34 million adults in the United States. It is more common in Hispanic males, followed by African Americans and white males.
Rates of coronary artery disease are high in England but low in China and Japan.
Hypercholesterolemia has no symptoms of its own. However, the symptoms can occur due to the complications that arise due to its accumulation and atherosclerosis. For example, atherosclerosis and atheromatous plaques in the heart vessels can cause angina attacks, in the brain vessels cause, weakness or abnormal sensations (numbness or tingling), problems with balance, temporary loss of vision, difficulty speaking, in arteries of the legs can cause pain on walking, etc
In familial hypercholesterolemia, cholesterol deposits in the skin or around tendons, known as Xanthomas. Accumulation of small fatty deposits may present as small bumps on the skin, of the hands, elbows, and knees, or as yellow deposits under the eyes or on eyelids.
Diagnosis of high cholesterol is made based on a blood test. The test is referred to as a lipid profile. Fasting of 9 to 12 hours is recommended before the test. Heart association across America recommends adults over age 20 have their cholesterol checked every 4 to 6 years. The lipid profile can give levels of;
As discussed above that the levels of cholesterol can increase due to some diseases also so on finding high blood levels of cholesterol, the following conditions should be ruled out ;
The treatment of hypercholesterolemia is through lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes and exercise and the cessation of smoking which cannot be emphasized enough. Medication is required in most instances. Statins are the first-line therapy used in hypercholesterolemia; they reduce LDL levels by blocking a specific enzyme necessary to produce cholesterol. They also lower LDL cholesterol and prevent the hardening of arteries, thus reducing the chances of heart attack and stroke. The doctor may prescribe cholesterol inhibitors or protein convertase inhibitors which ultimately lower cholesterol levels.
The following medications are used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia ;
If treatment is not received life expectancy of those with familial hypercholesterolemia is reduced by approximately 15 to 30 years. Cardiac events are the most significant risk in hypercholesterolemia. However, the advent of Statins has significantly reduced the mortality associated with hypercholesterolemia. Today, lowering cholesterol levels is a useful strategy for the primary prevention of heart disease.
Adopting the following habits will help reduce the “ bad” cholesterol (LDL cholesterol ) that builds up inside arteries
Our clinical experts continually monitor the health and medical content posted on CURA4U, and we update our blogs and articles when new information becomes available. Last reviewed by Dr.Saad Zia on May 21, 2023.
Hypercholesterolemia - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf (nih.gov)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459188/
What is Hypercholesterolemia? (news-medical.net)
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Hypercholesterolemia.aspx
Cholesterol is a waxy substance, a type of fat the body makes. It is needed to build cell membranes (boundaries of cells), make certain hormones (steroid hormones), and produce bile acids that help fat digestion. But high cholesterol levels increase the chances of peripheral vascular disease, heart disease, and stroke. High cholesterol, also called hypercholesterolemia, deposits fat particles in the inner walls of blood vessels (atheromatous plaques), making it difficult for blood to flow through arteries. These deposits break away and form a clot (emboli) that travels to the heart or brain, leading to a heart attack or stroke. It is often a result of an unhealthy diet; in some instances, it is inherited.
Cholesterol is insoluble, so it is carried in the blood by special proteins; the combination is called lipoproteins. These lipoproteins are of different types based on the type of cholesterol they carry. The combination that carries cholesterol from the liver to other parts of the body is called Low-density lipoprotein (LDL). It is also referred to as bad cholesterol because its excess may result in accumulation and further cause atherosclerosis. The other type that carries cholesterol from the periphery to the liver for degradation and disposal is called High-density lipoprotein (HDL), also referred to as good cholesterol. In hypercholesterolemia, either the total cholesterol or LDL is increased. Hypercholesterolemia is preventable. You need to follow a healthy diet and exercise, and adhere to your medication regimen.